![]() ![]() 3 We refer to these channels as “efficiency wage” and “pay for performance,” respectively. Workers are incentivized by both the threat of termination, which is based on the direct monitoring of effort, and the variable component of pay, which reflects individual performance and which is in turn a noisy signal of effort. We interpret these findings through the lens of a model that features two sources of incentives. Interestingly, the effect of the minimum wage on worker productivity flips (becomes negative) when workers are relatively less monitored, as measured by a low supervisor-to-worker ratio within a store. The effects persist in a “state panel” research design. These findings are not an artifact of selection and cross-border migration, and they are not explained by demand shifts, price changes, or other organizational changes. This effect is stronger for workers whose pay is more often supported by the minimum wage (referred to herein as “low types”). We document that an increase in the minimum wage causes individual productivity to increase. Using a border-discontinuity research design, we compare the productivity of workers in treated versus control stores on the other side of the same border, in a specification that includes worker and county-pair × month fixed effects. Our data cover 70 minimum wage increases at the state and local levels. 2 When our worker’s average hourly pay falls below the minimum wage, the employer is required to make up the difference. 1 Our workers’ pay is in part based on performance (sales per hour), and their productivity is recorded administratively. ![]() Our evidence comes from salespeople who work at a large US retailer employing more than 10% of department store employees nationwide and operating more than 2,000 stores across all 50 states. This paper examines this intensive margin and shows that increasing the minimum wage causes the productivity of employed workers to increase through an efficiency wage mechanism. ![]() Much less attention has been paid to the effect of the minimum wage on the productivity of employed workers. Note: this article was update after publication with a correction - Oiffy and Wolf & Wood are the developers, while Wired Productions are publishing the title.Since the US minimum wage was introduced in 1938, its effect on employment has been hotly debated. The Last Worker will premiere at the Venice International Film Festival in September, before releasing on Oculus Quest and SteamVR in 2022. ![]() The invitation to compete in Venice is obviously a little nerve-wracking but also incredibly exciting for us and I’m really proud of all the work the team has created to get here.” “The hand-crafted style of The Last Worker really reflects the level of thinking and artistry each individual has poured in to create this multifaceted world. “To be part of such a prestigious festival is very cool for our small team,” said Ryan Bousfield, Creative Director of Wold & Wood. Not only will it release for the Oculus Quest platform and on SteamVR, but it will also be available for PC and console, including PS5, Xbox Series X/S and Nintendo Switch. Unlike many other VR entries in film festivals, The Last Worker sounds like it leans far more into the active video game elements as opposed to a more passive immersive media style of experience. Combining a hand-crafted art style with uniquely immersive gameplay mechanics in an epic setting, the game delivers an emotional, thought provoking and comedic story with rich characters performed by an all-star cast. Set in a lonely, oppressive but strangely beautiful environment, The Last Worker is a unique blend of first-person narrative, work simulation and stealth strategy game play. Releasing on all platforms in 2022, The Last Worker is a narrative adventure centered around our struggle in an increasingly automated and dehumanizing world. Here’s a description of the game to go alongside the announce trailer (embedded above): ![]()
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